By Jyothsna Latha Belliappa (auth.)
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Additional resources for Gender, Class and Reflexive Modernity in India
Sample text
Giddens confines himself to discussing the emotive and sexual aspects of relationships, not taking into account issues such as the sexual division of labour and the structural inequalities in families. Economic, social and cultural imperatives that might stand in the way of individuals leaving a couple relationship when it ceases to fulfil their needs find no mention in his argument. While Beck and Beck-Gernsheim analyse more closely than Giddens the unequal responsibility that women have for care work, they do not recognize inequalities between women in terms of the global care chain and the capacity of some women to buy themselves out of care at the expense of others (Mulinari and Sandell, 2009).
Keen observers of the contradictions in contemporary modernity, they argue that the workplace requires flexibility, mobility and aggressive competitiveness while family life is dependent on stability, rootedness and concern for others (Beck-Gernsheim, 2002). In the labour market, the worker is seen as a ‘flexible work unit, competitive and ambitious, prepared to disregard the social commitments linked to his/her existence and identity … prepared to move whenever necessary’ (Beck and Beck-Gernsheim, 1995: 6).
Within their cultural circumstances, and based on differences of class, gender, race or ethnicity, individuals have access to different types of choices. By presenting individualization and choice in universalistic terms, Giddens and Beck tend to marginalize difference in access to choice. Not only are choices limited by structural factors and cultural identities, but they are also not necessarily always liberating (Adams, 2006 via Bauman, 1998; Smart and Shipman, 2004). For instance, in their interviews with Asian women in Britain regarding questions of identity and choice, Smart and Shipman (2004: 19) found that they were confronted with difficult choices between allegiance to their communities and personal freedom or between doing what was best for their children and for themselves – their choices then become ‘Hobson’s choices’ between injustice to themselves or to others.
