By P. Cairney, D. Studlar, H. Mamudu
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Extra info for Global tobacco control : power, policy, governance and transfer
Example text
The aim is to link policy outcomes to the rules associated either with a single institution or, in most cases, the multiple institutions that could influence a policy’s progress. The rules associated with institutions can be formal, such as the constitution of a political system, or informal, based perhaps on a common understanding of how actors should behave. For example, Lijphart (1999: 2) highlights the role of formal institutional structures by arguing that there are two basic models of democratic political system design: those that concentrate power in the hands of a few who claim to represent the many (majoritarian) and those that ‘share, disperse, and limit power’ (consensus).
These narratives may provide competing accounts of policy change based on the explanatory weight we attach to different policy instruments and the following factors: • Time. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1993) study policy change over a ‘decade or more’, while Baumgartner and Jones (2009) chart change over several decades. Others may study key episodes to identify crucial periods of change in a short period of time (Cairney, 2007a). The choice of timeframe is crucial to determine if policy change was incremental over a long period and/or if one short period was pivotal.
First, the vertical relationship (or the ‘politics of competence’) is similar in most federal and quasi-federal systems: policymaking takes place at the federal (or central) level, while the responsibility for most implementation rests with the states (or sub-central authorities). Second, the extent to which the centre allows sub-central authorities the freedom to implement federal policy (the ‘politics of discretion’) depends on the levels of horizontal fragmentation within the central government.
