By Juergen Maeurer

The human knee, with its advanced anatomy and common issues, undergoes radiologic exam greater than the other joint. Imaging innovations for the Knee organizes all the proper info clinicians have to support them achieve a valid prognosis, competently and efficiently.

Features include:

  • More than four hundred illustrations that exhibit vividly tips to realize and evaluate morphological info
  • Complete insurance of all exam thoughts together with ultrasound, CT and MRI
  • Clinical heritage info for each discovering
  • An cutting edge format: 3 columns of textual content, more information within the margins and pictures supply crucial info at a look
  • Keywords and concise textual content bins within the margins on sickness, pathology, medical manifestations, first-line exam tools, imaging specifications, and therapies
  • Helpful summaries on the finish of every bankruptcy to facilitate swift evaluation
  • Comprehensive insurance of all problems, logically grouped in response to affliction category

An excellent creation for college students and citizens, Imaging ideas for the Knee can also be a handy, sturdy source that radiologists, orthopedists, and trauma surgeons will achieve for time and again of their day-by-day practice.

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Extra info for Imaging strategies for the knee

Sample text

5 ± 2 mm n ± hypointense fracture gap or or cruciate ligament (PCL) (preferably ± table increment: 2 ± 5 mm/rotation n proton density-weighted spin-echo (PD SE) or fat-saturated 2-D or 3-D cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or posteri- tured bones for an unobstructed n plain T1 SE sequence: ± slice thickness: 1 ± 2 mm involvement, subtraction of unfrac- n n standard CT: ± 3-D reconstruction: if joint surface n tumors axial (patellar chondral surface) and/or parallel to the course of the anterior coronal): 1 ± 2 mm slice thickness n sagittal and possibly coronal plain T1 coronal or sagittal plain fat-saturated, and extent of fracture longitudinal displacement and degree of malrotation, comparing sides joint involvement number and size of fragments fragment (dis)placement intense/hypointense pseudarthrosis (depending on extent of granulation tissue and sclerosis) ± patchy, poorly demarcated hyper- Findings n general: intense or hypointense bone bruise ± cartilage, bone, or osteochondral (bone marrow hematoma/bone fractures marrow edema) ± determination of fracture age ± hyperintense to hypointense demon- ± cartilage damage stration of osteochondral fragment ± detection of earlier occult fractures (possibly more than one year old) ± hypointense demonstration of scle- ± pseudarthrosis intra-articular loose bodies optimized fracture typing (preferably ± lateral contusion zone with medial according to AO classification) ± medial contusion zone with lateral ligament lesion ligament lesion 25 n Basic Treatment Strategies n rotic margin/osteochondral lesion fat-saturated PD 2-D GE/3-D GE sequences: ± hyperintense areas of cartilage damage n conservative or operative treatment depending on fracture type especially with joint involvement: open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) 2 Traumatic Disorders 26 Pathologic Fracture Keywords knee joint, pathologic fracture, spontaneous fracture, insufficiency fracture, osteolysis Definition A pathologic fracture is a complete or incomplete disruption in continuity of bone with local or diffuse pathologic Ra without trauma or as the result of insig- ± AP projection n nificant trauma with or without disloca- ± lateral projection, mediolateral n roentgen ray path n of benign or malignant processes.

Ra (® method of choice) In pseudarthrosis osseous, adaptation of Recommended Radiography Projections the fracture ends remains absent after n approximately six months. , infections: appropriate treatment measures 2 Traumatic Disorders 40 Osteonecrosis Keywords osteonecrosis, avascular necrosis, knee joint, fracture, posttraumatic, osteopenia Definition n and apophysis of the long tubular bones. n Pathology n merging lamellar osteocyte layers n wavelike, poorly defined trabecular n bone amorphic eosinophilic material necrotic areas n n n n fracture signs of arthrosis n n possible meniscus damage n n n n n evaluation of invasion evaluation of viability of necrotic region and degree of surrounding sclerosis demonstration of extent of cartilage damage evaluation of subchondral stability evaluation of leg alignment Fig.

Stage I: tients active in sports. Spontaneous os- ± demarcated by narrow sclerotic mar- often found among older, women patients and is frequently associated with cartilage or meniscal lesions and joint effusion. detachment site, usually surrounded stage II (undisplaced cartilage and bone fragment): gin ± possible limited bone marrow changes next to demarcation stage IV (displaced cartilage, undisplaced bone fragment): ± completely loose fragment at the ± subchondral edema, nonspecific n more often found among younger pateonecrosis of the knee (SONK) is more adjacent bone n n factors have been suggested.

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