By Gillis Een, Sten Joste
Information regarding applicable expertise on hand to constructing international locations is usual. what's hardly completed is a circulation of the particular applied sciences themselves among international locations - and the belief Awards objective to stimulate this move of helpful expertise among needy humans in numerous environments. This booklet contains profiles of over eighty technical thoughts within the box of improvement, which characterize applied sciences submitted to the Innovation for improvement organization for his or her 1990 awards. 5 major topic parts are lined: water, strength, forestry, farming and fishing, and the factors for judging the nominations have been sustainability, self-reliance and socio-economic recognition. the most objective of this e-book is to disseminate wisdom of concepts that have been built and verified in actual environments with actual wishes, and in shut touch with end-users. many of the options provided have an entire web page each one, a few are illustrated, and all are observed via contacts of individuals and addresses. those eighty plus options will unquestionably be as priceless because the unique hundred ("100 concepts for development") and having already proved their worth as soon as, should still turn out their use world wide.
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2 Comparative studies of democratization thus offered a significant, but partial, window on the process of democratization. Democratization was understood to comprise the transformation of the political system from non-democracy towards accountable, representative and elected government, accompanied by a gradual increase in liberal freedoms. An important distinction was made between the transitional stage, the beginning of the movement towards democracy during which politics is fluid and outcomes unclear, and consolidation, when democracy becomes ‘the only game in town’ (Linz and Stepan, 1996: 5).
Of course this had been especially true during the Cold War, when support for democratization was reduced to the status of a decorative motif on an otherwise self-interested agenda. But even after 1989, when democracy, respect for human rights and the importance of the rule of law were enthusiastically reconfirmed as discursive ordering principles for the international system, it seems that Western states have consistently been ambiguous in terms of endorsing democracy within international society.
Without effective and independent states, nascent democracies find it impossible to satisfy internal demands; states work, in fact, not to shore up democracy but to impose limitations on it (Gill, 1995). A third argument focuses on the destabilizing impact of globalization on societies and communities of rapid cultural change and the subsequent loss of national identity (Robertson, 1992). In sum, a range of literature places globalization at the head of the failure of the democratic project. Nevertheless, it might be more accurate to recognize that globalization has created demands for democracy, as well as imposing greater controls over states and societies.
