By Nick Haslam
Presenting state of the art technological know-how in a playful demeanour, this exploration of a subject that has been veiled by way of taboo, the psychology of excretion, surveys an collection of embarrassing methods, shameful issues and disgusting conduct taking the reader on a journey of the historical past and literature of elimination.
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Extra resources for Psychology in the Bathroom
Sample text
It is widely assumed that enuresis is psychologically meaningful and that children affected by it are emotionally troubled. This assumption reflects some of the early and mid-twentieth-century psychological accounts of enuresis, which viewed it as a sign of anxiety, unconscious resentment of the parents, or a desire to regress to infantile dependence. In boys it was sometimes taken to reveal a passive and effeminate personality, but in girls it was seen as demonstrating an unconscious striving for masculinity (Glicklich, 1951).
However, social anxiety disorder is only present among a small minority of paruretics (Hammelstein & Soifer, 2006). , 1993), implying that it is somewhat unique. Whereas one writer has suggested naming it as one of a small number of ‘sphincteric phobias’ (Marks, 1987), alongside fears of urinating too freely, others propose that it should be a stand-alone diagnosis in its own right. The psychological underpinnings of paruresis remain incompletely understood. Paruretics tend to have relatively high levels of The Nervous Bladder 41 social anxiety, in relation to both public performance and general interpersonal unease and discomfort, and they have elevated fears of being negatively evaluated by others (Malouff & Lanyon, 1985).
Training techniques ranged from the simple and indulgent (‘you just tell the child what to do and he does it’ among the Kwoma of New Guinea), through guided imitation, ridicule and beatings. The most striking continence curriculum was that of the Dahomeans of West Africa. Children who wet their sleeping mats were first beaten, but if this method failed a mixture of ash and water was poured over their heads and they were chased into the street by children singing ‘Urine everywhere’. In one community, repeat offenders had a live frog attached to their waist, which reportedly frightened them into continence.
