By Barry Ames
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Example text
Courts may act as veto players by interpreting the constitution and by providing judicial review of legislation. Bureaucracies adopt the same kind of interpretive role. When the number of veto players is small, the legislature can allow bureaucrats wide discretion, since the legislature can easily restrict them in the future. When the number of veto players is large, however, legislatures whose veto players are close together may try to restrict bureaucracies. If the legislative veto players are far apart, then legislatures are more likely to allow bureaucrats more leeway.
These comparisons include Bahia, Maranhão, and Ceará in the Northeast and Santa Catarina and Paraná in the South. Part 2 investigates the legislative arena. Chapter 5 asks what motivates members of the Chamber of Deputies. By analyzing voting in two periods, in the constitution-making period of 1987–88 and on a set of emergency measures during the Collor administration, I estimate the effects of variations in the spatial nature of deputies’ constituencies, their ideologies, party afµliations, and receptivity to pork-barrel programs.
The nation has enormous cross-regional variation, and since states are important actors in national-level politics, this variation is often an important factor in determining national political outcomes. In chapter 4, for example, I discuss patterns of political competition in groups of particular states. At times, chance political events, random shocks no general theory would consider relevant, in×uence long-run outcomes in these states. The danger, of course, is that explanations sacriµce breadth as they gain accuracy.
