By National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, Committee on Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels
For a century, just about all light-duty automobiles (LDVs) were powered via inner combustion engines working on petroleum fuels. strength defense matters approximately petroleum imports and the impression of greenhouse fuel (GHG) emissions on worldwide weather are riding curiosity in possible choices. Transitions to substitute cars and Fuels assesses the possibility of lowering petroleum intake and GHG emissions through eighty percentage around the U.S. LDV fleet by way of 2050, relative to 2005.
This document examines the present potential and anticipated destiny functionality and prices for every car style and non-petroleum-based gasoline know-how as recommendations which may considerably give a contribution to those pursuits. via examining eventualities that mix a variety of gas and car pathways, the document additionally identifies limitations to implementation of those applied sciences and indicates regulations to accomplish the specified discounts. a number of eventualities are promising, yet powerful, and potent regulations equivalent to learn and improvement, subsidies, strength taxes, or laws should be essential to conquer limitations, resembling rate and patron selection.
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Vehicles already is high, and many drivers aren’t interested in faster acceleration. Finally, the advanced vehicles expected in the future are likely to operate at high efficiency over a broader range than current engines, so high power engines will detract less from fuel economy. Hence the committee decided that performance increases may not happen to a great degree and, if they did, would likely not have a significant impact on fuel economy in the future. 8 Future emission reductions will be accomplished largely with improved catalysts and better air/fuel ratio control—neither of which will add weight to the vehicle.
All these alternative vehicle options currently are more expensive than conventional ICEVs. The rate at which research and development (R&D) improves the performance and reduces the cost of new technologies is highly uncertain. To address this uncertainty, the analysis in this chapter considers two technology success pathways. The midrange case is the committee’s best assessment of potential cost and performance should all technologies be pursued vigorously. The committee also developed a stretch case with more optimistic, but still feasible, assumptions about advances in technology and low-cost manufacturing.
A variety of recent studies (see Appendix) have evaluated the weight reduction potential and cost impact for light duty vehicles through material substitution and extensive vehicle redesign. S. S. 6 Lotus Engineering projects a 2020 potential for about a 20 percent weight reduction at zero cost and 40 percent weight reduction potential at a cost of about 3 percent of total vehicle cost, from an aluminum/magnesium intensive design (Lotus Engineering, 2010). 1 Factors That May Affect Mass Reduction Potential Towing Capacity Mass reduction potential for some light trucks will be constrained by the need to maintain towing capacity, which limits the potential for engine downsizing and requires high structural rigidity.
