By Peter I. Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree

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1450–1455 • Severe drought and famine in Central Mexico 1450–1533 • Late Horizon period in Peru 1451 • Christopher Columbus is born in Genoa, Italy. 1450s • Inca emperor Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui establishes Machu Picchu as a royal estate. 1391 ca. 1460 • Huitzilíhuitl becomes Mexica king, ruling until 1417. • Incas conquer the Chimú of northern Peru. 1400 1468 • Incas dominate the Cuzco valley region. • Axayácatl rules Aztec Empire until 1481. 1417 • Chimalpopoca becomes Mexica king, ruling until 1427.

The new democratic governments also accepted and implemented the neoliberal, or free-market, economic model in vogue at the time. By the mid-1990s, many of the free-market reforms were in place, and Latin America’s macroeconomic picture had vastly improved. Still, the promised benefits failed to reach the working classes: Half of all Latin Americans remained poverty stricken. In response to their personal crisis, beginning in 1998 with the election of Hugo Chávez as president of Venezuela, the Latin American people started placing so-called leftists in their presidential palaces.

1450s • Inca emperor Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui establishes Machu Picchu as a royal estate. 1391 ca. 1460 • Huitzilíhuitl becomes Mexica king, ruling until 1417. • Incas conquer the Chimú of northern Peru. 1400 1468 • Incas dominate the Cuzco valley region. • Axayácatl rules Aztec Empire until 1481. 1417 • Chimalpopoca becomes Mexica king, ruling until 1427. 1427 1470–1480 • The Kaqchikel Maya establish their highland capital at Iximché. • Itzcóatl becomes Mexica king, ruling until 1440. 1471 1428 • Topa Inca Yupanqui becomes Inca ruler and governs for 22 years.

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