By Peter H. Lindert
Taxes and transfers were debated for hundreds of years, yet just recently can we see the whole photo of the evolution of social spending. This e-book examines the query of even if social guidelines that redistribute source of revenue impose constraints on financial progress. Peter Lindert argues that, opposite to the instinct of many economists and the ideology of many politicians, social spending has contributed to, instead of inhibited, financial development. additionally Available...Growing Public, quantity 1: the tale
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Extra info for Growing Public, Further Evidence: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century
Sample text
50 for Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. 10 for 1921–1937. The religion data are mostly from Annuaire Statistique de la France for the 1930s. Those from France, the United Kingdom, and a few other countries are from encyclopedias, in some cases for postwar years. “Benign” nondemocracy here refers to a polity with an autocracy rating of zero, but with enough impediments to legislative effectiveness and enough power of the monarch for me to disregard any suffrage rates, setting them at zero despite the occurrence of elections.
For the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this support ratio test is our best prima facie clue to an elitist bias in educational policy, one that sacrifices some economic growth. Chapter 5 found such fingerprints in Victorian Britain. Other clues can support this one. For the twentieth century, elite bias can also show up as relatively generous public funding for higher education, given that higher-income and politically privileged families typically have better access to that higher education.
The political regime also depends on some other national attributes – but not very much on the level of schooling, the issue of most immediate concern. Autocracy seems quite independent of any systematic influence, coming closer to being a random walk. 069 coeff. 12 coeff. 3: The autocracy index is from the Gurr–Jaggers Polity 98 data set. The variable “lost a war in the last 8 years” = 1 for France 1881, and for Germany and Austria in 1921 and 1929, otherwise = 0. The share of the population living in cities greater than 50,000 in population is from the CD-Rom of the Arthur S.
