By Helen Yanacopulos
The area of overseas non-governmental corporations (INGOs) has dramatically replaced over the last 20 years. the writer seriously analyses the engagement of INGOs in the modern overseas improvement panorama, permitting readers to extra comprehend INGOs involvement within the politics of social switch.
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Additional info for International NGO Engagement, Advocacy, Activism: The Faces and Spaces of Change
Sample text
Webster and Engberg-Pedersen (2002: 11), meanwhile, define political space as being ‘about the outcome of contexts ... rooted in specific political histories. ’ And Riker (1998: 68) refers to political space as the ‘arena in which non-state actors may undertake initiatives independently of the state’. However, while the term ‘political space’ is used in many fields, it does remain under-utilised with respect to INGOs. Riker (1998: 68), for example, claims that while the term political space has been used by political scientists, ‘as a concept it has generally lacked rigor’.
In addition, INGOs work across borders and at different scales, from the ‘local’ grassroots level, to those of global governance. This is captured by Lang (2013: 12) who claims that the INGO sector has been ‘credited with playing a central part in establishing new geographies of political power at the intersection of civil society and institutional politics’. In Ulrich Beck’s (2006) Cosmopolitan Vision, he argues that there are ‘other spaces’ produced as a result of such global changes. Both of these factors, taken in the context of the shifting landscapes enabled by the globalisation of information and communication technologies, from the Internet to the global media sphere, have produced the impression of space ‘shrinking’ and a rapid shifting of INGOs’ operating environments.
Within the social movement literature, the term political opportunity structures emphasises a space for protest and collective actions (Tarrow, 1994) of non-state actors. It also shows the ways that they vie for political influence, bringing about change from outside the formal political structures of the state, thereby ‘creating’ political space. However, INGOs and other civil society organisations are not the only actors trying to influence and create these political spaces. Invited, claimed, and created political space The work of Henri Lefebvre speaks directly to the production of space.
