By R. Whiting

This significant new learn re-examines the most arguable problems with early smooth background: the effect of the English Reformation upon the English humans. It represents an improve from the traditional reign-by-reign narrative to a extra incisively thematic process. Drawing at the author's personal study in church paintings in addition to in written files corresponding to wills and parish bills, and comparing the findings of alternative fresh historians, it forcefully demanding situations numerous of the presently stylish interpretations of this significant period.

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In 1550-69 the number of buildings with major new construction fell to a mere 12 in the north and west, and 10 in the south and east. Devon, for example, saw only the raising of the tower at Bradford in 1550 and the rebuilding of St Budeaux church in 1563. 3 The waning of constructional activity was accompanied by a serious deterioration of financial health. Analysis of 32 southwestern parishes with accounts reveals that the average annual income per church in 1535-41 was £12 in rural areas and £20 in towns.

One priest, collecting a mortuary in 1529, was reportedly almost buried alive by his own parishioners; and many were hanged by laymen for their supposedly treasonable utterances during the Henrician reformation, or for their involvement in the rebellions of 1536-69. In 1549 the most enthusiastic priest-killer was Lord Russell's servant Bernard Duffield, who mockingly dressed one victim in his mass vestments, with a holy water bucket, sacring bell and other ritual apparatus around him, and then hanged him in chains from his own church tower.

The charges included covetousness and extortion, as at Awliscombe, drunkenness, as at St Michael Penkevil, swearing, as at Ilsington, and hawking or hunting, as at Glasney and Sheepwash. But the most frequent accusation was sexual misconduct. Sometimes it was the cleric's alleged concubine at whom the charge was flung. 'Thou art a whore and a priest whore', a Winkleigh woman was told in 1561, 'for a priest had to doing with thee at home, in the midst of thine own floor'. More often, however, the cleric himself was directly denounced.

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