By Josef Stern
The various philosophers, linguists, and cognitive scientists writing on metaphor over the last 20 years have as a rule taken without any consideration that metaphor lies outdoor, if no longer against, bought conceptions of semantics and grammar. Assuming that metaphor can't be defined through or inside of semantics, they declare that metaphor has little, if something, to coach us approximately semantic idea. during this publication Josef Stern demanding situations those assumptions. he's involved essentially with the query: Given the got perception of the shape and ambitions of semantic concept, does metaphorical interpretation, in entire or half, fall inside its scope? in particular, he asks, what (if whatever) does a speaker-hearer recognize as a part of her semantic competence while she is aware the translation of a metaphor? in response to Stern, the reply to those questions lies within the systematic context-dependence of metaphorical interpretation. Drawing on a deep analogy among demonstratives, indexicals, and metaphors, Stern develops a proper idea of metaphorical that means that underlies a speaker's skill to interpret a metaphor. together with his semantics, he additionally addresses various philosophical and linguistic matters raised through metaphor. those comprise the interpretive constitution of advanced prolonged metaphors, the cognitive value of metaphors and their literal paraphrasability, the pictorial personality of metaphors, the function of similarity and exemplification in metaphorical interpretation, metaphor-networks, lifeless metaphors, the relation of metaphors to different figures, and the dependence of metaphors on literal meanings. not like so much metaphor theorists, even though, who take those difficulties to be sui generis to metaphor, Stern subsumes them lower than an analogous rubric as different semantic proof that carry for nonmetaphorical language.
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Extra resources for Metaphor in Context
Sample text
Content is (roughly) what we have been calling the interpretation of a metaphor: what the metaphor says, its propositional component, or truth-condition(al factor). So, just as the content of a (singular) demonstrative is an object or individual, the content of a (predicative) metaphor is (something like) a property. Character roughly corresponds to the (linguistic) meaning of an expression: a rule known by speakers as part of their linguistic competence that determines the content of the expression in each context of utterance (like the rule for `I' that each of its utterances has its individual utterer as its content).
In reply, I will argue, the actual costs are negligible. We complicate our overall semantic theory by including metaphor only if that requires us to introduce apparatus not already and not independently necessary for the semantics. But if our parallel between demonstratives and metaphors holds, the semantic rules Metaphorical Competence 19 underlying our ability to interpret metaphors are of the very same kind as those that underlie our ability to interpret demonstratives. Those rules (or something like them) already constitute part of our semantic competence in nonmetaphorical language, our competence in demonstratives.
The virtue of the incompleteness is that it enables us to discern the substantive contribution our semantic knowledge speci®c to metaphor, our knowledge of its character, makes to our understanding of metaphorical interpretation. In sum, I shall argue that by exploiting the parallel between demonstratives and metaphors, we can identify a type of knowledge underlying a speaker's ability to interpret a metaphor that belongs to his semantic competence. Yet many readers may still not be persuaded that metaphor should be explained by semantics, rather than by pragmatics or by a theory of use.
