By Amelia M. Trevelyan
Miskwabik, steel of Ritual examines the hundreds of thousands of lovely and complex ritual works of art―from ceremonial weaponry to tender copper pendants and ear ornaments―created in jap North the United States prior to the arriving of Europeans. the 1st entire exam of this 3,000-year-old metallurgical culture, the booklet presents distinctive perception into the inducement of the artisans and the importance of those items, and highlights the brilliance and class of the early civilizations of the Americas.Comparing the ritual structure and metallurgy of the unique americans with the ethnological checklist, Amelia M. Trevelyan starts to solve the secret of the importance of the items in addition to their distinctive capabilities in the societies that created them. The publication comprises dozens of remarkable colour and black and white pictures.
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3 3/ 4 " long. SOCKETED p~ the Archaic copper corpus, however. The peoples of the Archaic Old Copper, Glacial Kame, and Red Ocher cultures all made copper beads. The beads vary in construction, from crudely drilled nuggets to matched strings of beautifully formed, rolled beads that diminish in size from the center of the string to the ends. Precontact Native American coppersmiths from every period produced both crude and refined examples of the rolled variety. A large majority of the beads were constructed of overlapping rolled strips of copper that range in thickness from very thin sheet copper (usually used for tubular beads) to strips three-eighths of an inch thick.
Merely utilitarian advantage in the use of metal, rather than stone or bone, for implements would have been generally acknowledged as a significant technological improvement and would eventually have been adopted by all to whom the new materials were available, just as were the horse and gun after the arrival of Europeans. This was never the case with copper despite the massive amounts of the material available and the millennia spanned by its mining and use in the region. Furthermore, the vast majority of Old Copper Culture implements are spear points, most useful in the taking of large animals, yet introduced at a time when that subsistence mode was increasingly obsolete in those regions.
All these patterns and structures, including the unique character of individual sites, are very similar to later manifestations of the copper complex. The widespread and ritual nature of the Old Copper Culture mortuary complex and related ones is clear. Less clear are the reasons that the tradition developed when it did and in the way that it did. There are a number of clues, however. According to Cleland, during the Middle Archaic Period human populations on the fringes of the receding glaciers underwent "environmental trauma," a long period of forced subsistence readjustment (Cleland 1976:69).
