By Luis Bouza Garcia
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Extra resources for Participatory Democracy and Civil Society in the EU: Agenda-Setting and Institutionalisation
Sample text
The first of these pressures explored in this book has been the demand coming from organisations in the field acting as cause entrepreneurs. The 1998 “red card” campaign – when social and citizens’ interests organisations showed red cards to the president of the Commission at a public hearing to demonstrate against legal and financial challenges against mechanisms of financial support for EU civil society platforms (Alhadeff and Wilson 2002; Ruzza 2004, 47) – is telling about the early focus of the agenda, which was on definitional issues about what is European civil society and what its legal status and funding should be (Will and Kendall 2009, 309–311).
Frame analysis therefore basically consisted of coding the relevant parts of European organisations into 76 frames (19 frames for each of the four consultations), creating as a result 1,596 possible positions. The NVIVO 9 software package has been used to create and analyse the codes, which have then been used to generate the collective frames. This allowed codes to be crossed with variables, such as the type of document (interviews versus public document), the type of interest represented, membership in coalitions, organisations’ primary level of action (national or European) and the degree of involvement of each actor in the process (in terms of date of involvement and number of contributions).
From this it follows that a single group can rarely be identified as the mover behind a proposal, and that changes must often be explained as the result of the coordinated activism of a coalition. There is growing agreement on the need for the theoretical integration of political opportunities, mobilisation structures and processes of interpretation of reality, and for assigning meanings to understand the involvement of organised civil society in agenda-setting processes (Zald 1996; Scott 2008; Schmidt 2010).
