By Richard T. Cupitt
First released in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa corporation.
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Extra info for Reluctant Champions: U.S. Presidential Policy and Strategic Export Controls, Truman, Eisenhower, Bush and Clinton
Sample text
Nonetheless, the British repudiated the Erskine Agreement (the first important executive agreement made by the United States) only a few months later, when a more hostile representative of the Crown replaced Minister Erskine. After a series of progressively milder measures, Congress passed Macon’s Bill No. S. S. shipping, however, so the bill contained a discriminatory provision. If either Britain or France revoked their orders-in-council or decrees, and the other government did not do the same within three months, then the United States would reimpose its embargo on that state.
76 Britain, France, Japan, and the United States even sent troops to Russia, shedding blood and expending treasure against the Bolshevists. Through their respective navies and war trade bureaucracies, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States dedicated and applied resources, however briefly, to the task of restricting trade. Nonetheless, the victorious allies eventually halted the embargo, although many governments refused to recognize the new government (even after Soviet representatives attended the Locarno conference in 1922, signaling Russian interest in exercising a voice in the world community).
Even without using export controls as a peacetime instrument of presidential foriegn policy, the United States could not escape from decisions regarding the nature of dual-use items and trade. In war, one belligerent may blockade the ports of another. This raises the legal issue of what constitutes contraband (making it subject to the blockade) and the role of neutral ships and goods. S. foreign affairs. Almost from its inception, the new American government began forming an approach to export controls.
