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Extra resources for Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links
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DNA studies are the newest frontier for exploring the roots of African-descended peoples in the Americas. The study of transatlantic slave trade voyages is not enough. These documents do not list and rarely mention African ethnicities. Documents generated by these voyages can at best give us African coasts or ports of origin and/or ports in the Americas where slaves were first sold. More rarely, the numbers, genders, or age categories of the slave ‘‘cargoes’’ were listed. The proportions of African ethnicities exported from African coasts and ports changed over time.
Many forms of labor systems existed in sub-Saharan Africa. They involved a variety of mutual obligations. Many different words were used for the various forms of slavery. In Africa, slavery was often a system of incorporation into the society. According to Robert Harms: When a newly purchased slave arrived in a Bobangi village, he was either a montambu, a purchased slave, or a montangi, a prisoner of war. War prisoners were usually sold again to get them as far as possible from the point of capture, but purchased slaves were generally incorporated into the society[, which] would generally lead to full membership.
Purity of blood, pureza de sangre, was highly valued among the Latin American elite, although its Native American and African antecedents can sometimes be documented. Antiblack racism was and remains very powerful in Latin America. 15 Not enough has changed since W. E. B. Du Bois lamented the state of denial and the high level of rationalization among historians of the Atlantic slave trade and slavery in the Americas. Some eminent historians are still excusing and rationalizing it, and their ideas are spreading in Europe and even in Africa.