By Cornelia Storz
This new ebook discusses the level to which the japanese economic system encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.
Although Japan has a robust recognition as an innovator, a few humans argue that this recognition is lost. opposite to previous expectancies, the united states instead of Japan emerged because the chief within the biotech industries within the Nineteen Nineties, and in addition many small organisations in Japan provide just a couple of – or simply one – different corporation, thereby proscribing their view of and the industrial possibilities inside of it. regardless of the rise of overseas patents, overseas medical citations and a good expertise exchange stability, the japanese innovation process is susceptible in giving start to radical innovations.
The e-book explores totally those matters, making comparisons with different international locations the place acceptable. It concludes that the japanese innovation procedure has either benefits and drawbacks and contributes to a greater knowing of ways coverage adjustments take place.
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Meier and Slembeck 1994: 54ff. 12 In this context it can be of interest to analyse the mechanisms of reflexive reality modeling, also in advance of elections and votes. Spontaneous actions and institutionalized procedures ensure that the actual decisions have been made long before the formal election or vote takes place. In spite of this, this cognitiveevolutionary aspect of preparation for votes is often undervalued in expert literature on the subject, an exception being Slembeck, 1997. 13 Kuran 1987: 189ff.
A more detailed look at the structure of the relatively small governmental funds which were spent for the support of private R&D efforts directly shows that a major part was actually used for the financing of collaborative R&D projects. In Japan the support for this kind of projects was channelled within the frame of the Act on Technological Research Associations in Mining and Manufacturing (Kokogyo gijutsu kenkyu kumiai-ho), which was enacted in 1961. Under this act, private firms’ limited-term R&D collaborations can be supported by the government.
All the same this means that lobbyist interests powerful enough to affect policy, are more likely to succeed as there are no or only a few institutions that might prevent their influence-taking. In the case of Japanese SME-policy, in which a new body of rules and regulations is still emerging, these considerations are especially applicable. 18 However, questions as to the number of compromises made on the steering level that a political system can cope with, would lead deeper into a normative discussion.
