By Francis Paul Prucha
Francis Paul Prucha, a number one authority at the background of yank Indian affairs, argues that the treaties have been a political anomaly from the very starting. The time period "treaty" implies a freelance among sovereign self sustaining countries, but Indians have been continuously ready of inequality and dependence as negotiators, a incontrovertible fact that complicates their present makes an attempt to regain their rights and tribal sovereignty.
Prucha's impeccably researched publication, in line with an in depth research of each treaty, makes attainable a radical realizing of a criminal obstacle whose legacy is so palpably felt today.
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Extra info for The Indians in American Society: From the Revolutionary War to the Present
Sample text
The Indians east of the Mississippi were well aware that they were in a desperate struggle to escape domination and that their way of life as well as their lands was threatened. The failure of the great Shawnee chief Tecumseh to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes supported by the British, to resist American advance, in a way had sealed their doom, for Tecumseh was trying to reverse a movement that had already gathered significant momentum. The initial treaties with the Indians after the Revolution had themselves made clear the acceptance by the Indians of the paramount political role of the United States.
The result—as with the allotment policy—fell short of what was intended. Much of the old culture was destroyed, but the new was not fully accepted, leaving many Indians in a kind of limbo and fostering the spirit of dependency. The school curriculum was designed by white educators intent on giving the Indian children an education that matched that of white children in the public schools. The objective was self-support, as Estelle Reel, superintendent of Indian schools, declared in 1900: "The Indian must be brought to a point where he will feel the work spirit and become self-supporting, where he will have the ambition to support his family and not look to the Government for help.
But many Indians, adopting the knives, axes, hoes, kettles, and blankets, to say nothing of beads, mirrors, and other ornaments, became dependent upon the whites for these trade goods. Of signal importance was the gun, as a hunting tool to replace spears and bows and arrows and as a military weapon (a new force in continuing tribal warfare). in the white man's economic network. Granted this dependence upon tools and other items, there were two alternatives: The Indians themselves could learn to produce the artifacts, or they must obtain them from the whites.
