By Nik Brandal;Oivind Bratberg;Dag Einar Thorsen
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Knudsen’s leadership was marked by the development of a very close relationship between the party and the trade union movement, with Knudsen as deputy chairman of the Danish Trades Union Congress (De samvirkende Fagforbund) from the time of its founding in 1898 on up to 1909. 21 The pragmatism of the labour movement in Denmark also contributed to the formation of the September Compromise in 1899 between the trade unions and the Confederation of Danish Employers (Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening). The September Compromise set the basic rules for how and when employers and trade unions would negotiate over changes in pay and 28 Origins working conditions, and became the pattern for such basic agreements that subsequently unfolded in Norway and Sweden as well as Denmark.
A different and more creative form of reaction came about with the development of philanthropic or bourgeois labour societies. These were organizations aiming to ameliorate the living conditions of the working classes by engaging in different forms of self-help and education, while striving to keep working men and women well away from political radicalism. By the beginning of the 1870s, such associations and societies had been established in several cities and some rural districts across Scandinavia.
The following year, the party became a member of Comintern, the Communist International. The Birth of the Social Democratic Movement 35 Subsequent years witnessed a thoroughgoing and at times painful transition during which the social democratic parties of Scandinavia became credible parties of government. This transition is the topic of the next chapter, where we discuss the development of a Nordic model of social democracy in the years leading up to the Second World War. 3 Towards a Nordic Model (1916–1940) A century after the outbreak of the Great War, consciousness of its profound and lasting societal effects has largely faded.
