By Howard Devoe
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Additional info for Thermodynamics and Chemistry (2nd edition)
Example text
Practical thermometers Liquid-in-glass thermometers use indicating liquids whose volume change with temperature is much greater than that of the glass. A mercury-in-glass thermometer can be used in the range 234 K (the freezing point of mercury) to 600 K, and typically can be read to 0:01 K. A Beckmann thermometer covers a range of only a few kelvins but can be read to 0:001 K. A resistance thermometer is included in a circuit that measures the electric resistance. Platinum resistance thermometers are widely used because of their stability and high sensitivity (0:0001 K).
By this definition, the vapor state of a substance exists only at temperatures below the critical temperature. The designation of a supercritical fluid state of a substance is used more for convenience than because of any unique properties compared to a liquid or gas. If we vary the temperature or pressure in such a way that the substance changes from what we call a liquid to what we call a supercritical fluid, we observe only a continuous density change of a single phase, and no phase transition with two coexisting phases.
Thus, the distinction between solid and fluid actually depends on the time scale of observation. This fact is obvious when we observe the behavior of certain materials (such as Silly Putty, or a paste of water and cornstarch) that exhibit solidlike behavior over a short time period and fluid-like behavior over a longer period. Such materials, that resist deformation by a suddenly-applied shear stress but undergo flow over a longer time period, are called viscoelastic solids. 2 Phase coexistence and phase transitions This section considers some general characteristics of systems containing more than one phase.
