By Wallace B.A.
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1983) article on scales of vegetation dynamics in space and time synthesized paleoecological changes in landscapes and graphically presented the positive correlation of spatial and temporal scales as a time–space state space that has been widely used (Fig. 4). Third, the book by O’Neill et al. (1986) reviewed the concept of an ecosystem, then proposed a hierarchical framework for ecosystems. In addition to these ecological studies, the new mathematical theory of fractals (Mandelbrot 1983) provided insights into the complicated patterns often seen in nature and offered novel approaches to extrapolate observations from one scale to another.
Adapted from Miller et al. (2004). used to simulate potential changes in global climate typically have a coarse resolution of 1° or 2° latitude and longitude. However, precipitation and temperature vary considerably within areas that are 100 km × 100 km in size, and this variability is important for local ecological processes (Kennedy 1997; Lynn et al. 1995; Russo and Zack 1997). Using a rather different example, tabulations of population density or housing units for a census tract do not account for the spatial variability within the census tract, yet this variation may be most important for predicting future patterns of land-use change or the movement of nutrients from land to water.
2. Describe three contemporary issues that require consideration of the landscape, either as a driver of change in another variable, or as an element that responds to some driver. What information or understanding is lost if a landscape perspective is not taken? Introduction t o La n d sc a p e Ecology a n d S c a l e 32 La ndscap e Ecol ogy i n 3. Is landscape ecology defined by its questions or by its techniques? Do you consider it to be a broad or narrow avenue of inquiry within ecology? 4. Select a landscape of your choice and list the important ecological processes that Theory and occur in the landscape.
