By Raymond E Kirk; Donald F Othmer; Martin Grayson; David Eckroth; et al
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Extra resources for Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Vol 7
Sample text
What matters is not reinforcement per se, but the schedule of reinforcementÐthe pattern of reinforcement that has occurred with respect to the behavior in the past. In other words, we do not engage in behavior in order to obtain a speci®c reinforcer in the future. Instead, we engage in behavior because it has led to a pattern of speci®c reinforcers in the past. The strength of reinforcement A ®nal important issue is that the stronger the reinforcer, the less often it needs to occur to maintain a behavior.
In this case, Vicky has recently been divorced and her children have gone off to college. She is now alone. Thus, the antecedents that prompted much of her prior behavior, and consequences that reinforced it, have been lost, and this appears to be a case in which the traditional behavioral model applies: Reinforcers have been lost, behavior has been extinguished, and Vicky feels depressed. Upon further inspection, however, other processes are at work. Speci®cally, now that Vicky feels depressed, her feelings of depression, tiredness, and fatigue become additional antecedents in the behavioral ABC analysis.
Both not going to a social event and being unsocial at a social event can be categorized together as topographically different 25 BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION: DISTINCTIVE FEATURES · · forms of avoidance behavior. Similarly, Sarah may leave the event early (B), thereby escaping the stress experienced at it (C), demonstrating another form of avoidance. Both of these consequences negatively reinforce the corresponding behaviors of limited socializing and leaving the event early. Terry has to complete his taxes; it is now approaching midApril and he is experiencing increased anxiety and stress (A).
