By J. Barry Cullingworth, Roger Caves
;Planning within the united states: guidelines, concerns and tactics НАУКА и УЧЕБА,ДИЗАЙН и ГРАФИКА Название: making plans within the united states Автор:J Cullingworth Издательство: Routledge Год: 2003 Страниц: 336 ISBN: 0415247896 Формат: PDF Язык: Английский Размер: 5,1 MBThis largely revised and up-to-date version of making plans within the united states keeps to supply a complete advent to the rules, conception and perform of making plans. Outlining land use, city making plans and environmental security regulations, this totally illustrated publication explains the character of the making plans technique and how during which coverage concerns are pointed out, outlined and approached.Скачать.com uploading.com0
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Extra info for Planning in the USA: Policies, Issues and Processes
Example text
Growth control policies can take zoning nearer to the concept of comprehensive planning, though the attainment of comprehensiveness has seldom been sought and even less frequently attained. The emergence of ‘smart growth’ activities practiced by localities and states is discussed in Part 4. Part 5 is devoted to three ‘development issues’: transportation (Chapter 12), housing (13), and community and economic development (14). Transportation is the circulatory system of the economy and, in the metropolitan areas at least, it is suffering from sclerosis.
Influence is gained by combining with other like-minded people to pursue shared goals. Indeed, interest groups form the core of political activity in general, and of planning activity in particular. Interest groups are of extraordinary variety. At the national level are organizations of the professional bodies (planners, architects, engineers, and experts in water systems, environmental pollution, soil science, and so on). Developers, builders, suppliers of building materials have their own organizations, as do various forms of local government.
More than this, Congress was not willing to see funds diverted from other programs into model cities; and so the congressional commitment became largely to another categorical program rather than to a coordinative mechanism for reforming other grants-in-aid. While there was support for the idea of better coordination among urban programs, there was also a fear about ‘a concentration of power within any single executive agency’. Bureaucracies can be viewed not only as machines for the efficient implementation of policy but also as a dangerous concentration of power in ‘monolithic organizations where a few powerful men at the top concentrate control over a vast range of activities.
