By William E. Burns
Many are accustomed to the information of Copernicus, Descartes, and Galileo. yet right here the reader can also be brought to lesser identified principles and individuals to the clinical Revolution, reminiscent of the mathematical Bernoulli kinfolk and Andreas Vesalius, whose anatomical charts revolutionized the learn of the human physique. extra marginal characters comprise the magician Robert Fludd. The encyclopedia additionally discusses topics like Arabic technological know-how and the weird heritage of blood transfusions, and associations just like the Universities of Padua and Leiden, which have been dominant forces in educational medication and science.
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However, because many classical Greek works survived only in Arabic translations, even the humanists had to grudgingly admit the importance of Arabic knowledge. Interest in Arabic was expanding in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Arabic presses and chairs of Arabic were established in a number of European centers, and European travelers and merchants in the Middle East collected Arabic manuscripts. Early modern European interest in Arabic science focused on the past. Contemporary Arab and Islamic science, somewhat moribund in any case, aroused no interest, save in pharmacology, where Arabic-speakers were assumed to have knowledge of the medicinal uses of Middle Eastern plants.
Francis Bacon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. Baconianism Baconianism The ideology of Baconianism is difficult to pin down. It is in some ways a vulgarization of the complex thought of Bacon and also draws from sources other than Bacon, such as the experimentalism of William Gilbert or the empiricism of Pierre Gassendi. Unlike other “isms” such as Aristotelianism or Cartesianism, Baconianism is not a scientific theory but a theory about science. Characteristics of Baconianism include an emphasis on cooperation between natural investigators, a foundation in empiricism and experimentalism, opposition to the ancients and particularly Aristotle, resistance to theorizing, and a belief that human powers can be improved through the progress of science and technology.
Many, although not all, Puritan intellectuals shared Bacon’s anti-Aristotelianism because of their hatred of medieval Catholic Scholastic theology, which was Aristotelian. More importantly, Bacon’s emphasis on renewal and progress fit with the millenarian and reforming tendencies of Puritanism. This ideology is particu- 29 larly characteristic of the natural philosophers of the Hartlib circle, who hoped to combine a Baconian organized inquiry into nature with technological advance and social reform.
