By Albert Van der Kogel, Michael Joiner
This concise yet complete textbook units out the necessities of the technology and medical software of radiobiology for these looking accreditation in radiation oncology, scientific radiation physics and radiation know-how. totally revised and up to date to maintain abreast of present advancements in radiation biology and radiation oncology, the fourth variation keeps to give in an enticing approach the organic foundation of radiation treatment, discussing the elemental rules and important advancements that underlie the newest makes an attempt to enhance the radiotherapeutic administration of cancer.
New themes for the fourth version contain chapters at the mechanisms of phone dying, organic reaction modifiers, and organic picture guided radiotherapy, with significant revisions to sections at the molecular foundation of the radiation reaction, tumour hypoxia and the dose-rate impact. numerous new authors have contributed to this revision, who, including the hot Editorial staff, have used their major foreign educating event to make sure the content material continues to be transparent and finished, and as beneficial to the trainee because it is to the confirmed radiation oncologist.
With the fourth variation we are going to see the main radical swap to date - as Professor Gordon metal has retired as Editor and has been changed via Bert van der Kogel, the present present direction director for the above-mentioned path, plus Michael Joiner, who's the top of the Radiation Biology application on the Wayne nation collage and is the affiliate Editor of the foreign magazine of Radiation Biology
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Extra resources for Basic Clinical Radiobiology Fourth Edition
Example text
Mitotic catastrophe Mitotic catastrophe is a term that has evolved over recent years to encompass the type of cell death that results from, or follows, aberrant mitosis. This is morphologically associated with the accumulation of multinucleated, giant cells containing uncondensed chromosomes and with the presence of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. This process is thought to occur when cells proceed through mitosis in an inappropriate manner owing to entry of cells into mitosis with unrepaired or misrepaired DNA damage.
Apoptosis that initiates from caspase 8 activation is termed the ‘extrinsic’ pathway because it is normally activated upon the binding of an extracellular ligand and subsequent activation of a death receptor present in the cellular membrane. Examples of these death-inducing ligands include tumuor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and FAS ligand, which bind to the TNF receptor, TRAIL receptor and FAS receptor respectively. 1 The characteristics of different types of cell death* Morphological changes Type of cell death Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Biochemical features Common detection methods Apoptosis Chromatin condensation; nuclear fragmentation; DNA laddering Blebbing Fragmentation (formation of apoptotic bodies) Caspase-dependent Electron microscopy; TUNEL staining; annexin staining; caspase-activity assays; DNA-fragmentation assays; detection of increased number of cells in sub-G1/G0; detection of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential Autophagy Partial chromatin condensation; no DNA laddering Blebbing Increased number of autophagic vesicles Caspase-independent; increased lysosomal activity Electron microscopy; proteindegradation assays; assays for marker–protein translocation to autophagic membranes Necrosis Clumping and random degradation of nuclear DNA Swelling; rupture Increased vacuolation; – organelle degeneration; mitochondrial swelling Electron microscopy; nuclear staining (usually negative); detection of inflammation and damage in surrounding tissues Senescence Distinct heterochromatic structure (senescence-associated heterochromatic foci) – Flattening and increased granularity SA-β-gal activity Electron microscopy; SA-β-gal staining; growth-arrest assays Mitotic catastrophe Multiple micronuclei; nuclear fragmentation; dicentric chromosomes – – Caspase-independent (at early stage) abnormal CDK1/cyclin B activation Electron microscopy; assays for mitotic markers (MPM2); TUNEL staining CDK1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1; SA-β-gal, senescence-associated galactose; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling.
Necrosis It has been said that if apoptosis represents ‘death by suicide’, then necrosis is ‘death by injury’. Necrosis has historically been considered to be an inappropriate or accidental death that occurs under conditions that are extremely unfavourable, such as those incompatible with a critical normal physiological process. Examples of conditions that can activate necrosis include extreme changes in pH, energy loss and ion imbalance. Consequently, necrosis is generally thought of as an uncontrollable, irreversible and chaotic form of cell death.
