By Andranik Tangian (auth.)
The mathematical conception of democracy offers with choice of representatives who make judgements on behalf of the full society. during this publication, the idea of representativeness is operationalized with the index of recognition (the ordinary percent of the inhabitants whose opinion is represented on a few matters) and the index of universality (the frequency of circumstances while the opinion of a majority is represented). those indices are utilized to guage and research the houses of unmarried representatives (e.g. president) and consultant our bodies (e.g. parliament, Justice of the Peace, cupboard, jury, coalition). To bridge consultant and direct democracy, an election process is proposed that's established no longer on balloting yet on indexing applicants with admire to the electorate’s political profile. additionally, societal and non-societal functions are considered.
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27–28; Manin 1997, p. 40]. Thus, approximately 600 out of some 700 magistrates were appointed by lot for one-year terms with the prohibition to hold the same magistrate twice. An exception was made for nominating strategoi (military generals), water supply officers and treasurers who were elected by vote and could be reelected as many times as the citizenry at the Assembly decided. In these cases all Athenians shared the same values — military power, uninterrupted water supply, and financial order — and the officials had to be qualified and highly reputed [Hansen 1991, pp.
17–25]. With a few exceptions, all appointments in Athens were made by lot or by rotation to equalize everyone’s opportunity to hold office. 3 Establishing Democracy 17 one could become president of Athens for a day. One of the reasons for selection by lot instead of election was the belief that elections only provide reasonable results if voters share some common values, like civil virtue in the case of aristocracy or economic wealth in the case of oligarchy. The demos, however, was thought to be too heterogeneous and unpredictable to handle elections appropriately [Headlam 1891, p.
The procedure of ostracism was used for the first time 20 years after it had been established. It was applied about 15 times, mainly 18 1 Athenian Democracy President of Committee for one day ✻ LOT Committee of Fifty to guide the Boule ✻ Generals, Treasurers, Water supply managers ✻ Magistrates ✛ ✲ held by board of 10 ✻ ❄ ROTATION ✻ LOT ✻ ❄ Courts with >201 jurors ✻ ❄ ✻ Boule (Council of Five Hundred) Executive and steering committee of the Ekklesia VOTE ✻ LOT LOT Ekklesia People’s Assembly (quorum 6000, at least 40 sessions a year) ✻ Citizenry Athenian males over 20 years, 20,000–30,000 (ca.
