By Ray, Celeste; Wilson, Charles Reagan

Transcending general different types of "black" and "white," this quantity of The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture complicates and enriches our figuring out of "southernness" through settling on the array of cultures that mixed to form the South. This exploration of southern ethnicities examines the methods humans practice and keep cultural identities via folklore, spiritual religion, costume, song, speech, cooking, and transgenerational tradition.

Accessibly written and trained by means of the newest study that recovers the ethnic variety of the early South and records the newer arrival of latest cultural teams, this quantity enormously expands upon the modest Ethnic lifestyles element of the unique Encyclopedia. individuals describe 88 ethnic teams that experience lived within the South from the Mississippian interval (1000-1600) to the current. They contain 34 American Indian teams, in addition to the numerous groups with ecu, African, and Asian cultural ties that got here to the zone after 1600. Southerners from all backgrounds tend to locate themselves represented here.

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By the time of the Civil War, their numbers had grown nationwide to 488,000, with the majority (262,000) still living in the southern region. ” They maintained their identity and communities through the Jim Crow period in New Orleans, Mobile, Pensacola, and smaller enclaves throughout the Gulf South. Creoles exemplify the complexity of ethnicity and how ethnic identities can cross and obfuscate social conceptions of racial categories. While long unused in academic circles, the word “mulatto” may still be heard among older generations in the South and still makes surprising appearances in popular films and music in the 21st century.

American Indians likewise set up their own churches and also church-sponsored schools rather than have their children attend segregated African American public institutions. Despite such efforts to maintain their Indian identity, many groups faced legal attempts to abolish their peoplehood. Perhaps the most severe, and preposterous, actions were sponsored by Virginian eugenicists who wished to prevent miscegenation and limit access to white schools. The Racial Integrity Law of 1924 passed by the Commonwealth of Virginia (and not repealed until 1968) implemented a system of racial documentation to class all state residents as colored or white.

Immortalized in Longfellow’s Evangeline, Cajuns are descendants of Catholic French Acadians who settled in French Louisiana (some also went to Maine) after being expelled from Nova Scotia by the British in the mid-18th century. After centuries of mixing with other ethnic groups, Cajun surnames now include the German Hymel and Schexnider, the Spanish Castille and Romero, and the Scots-Irish McGee. Partly through interaction with southerners of African descent, Cajuns developed spicy dishes such as dirty rice, gumbo, and other foods reflecting their local resources and subsistence, such as boudin (Cajun sausage) and bouille (cane syrup pie).

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